Decreasing for walking steps with collegiate students during COVID-19 pandemic in Japan –A survey based on smartphone application– / 体力科学

Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) spread worldwide. In Japan, From April 16 to May 25, 2020, a state of emergency was declared and people were “strongly requested to refrain from going out unnecessarily and thoroughly reduce contact with others.” As a result, the number of steps of all generations was expected to be lower than usual due to the novel coronavirus disease pandemic. This study investigated the weather walking steps decrease in the collegiate student due to COVID-19. A total of 221 collegiate students used their smartphones to enter the average number of steps taken every month from January to May. The number of steps taken by all students was 4,988±2,345 steps in January, 5182±2,516 steps in February, 5,118±2,291 steps in March, 3,281±1,689 steps in April, and 2,834±1,676 steps in May. A comparison between sex groups showed that the number of steps in April and May was significantly different (p<0.05), which means that the steps of women group was lower than that of men. These results suggest that the number of steps taken by students decreased with the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease.

The transition of tensor fasciae latae and iliotibial band hardness after hip abduction exercise and the effect of vibration stimulation / 体力科学

The aim of this study was to evaluate the transition of the tensor fasciae latae (TFL) and the iliotibial band (ITB) hardness after repetitive hip abduction exercise (RE) and the effect of vibration stimulation immediately after RE. Nine healthy man performed the RE (20 reps×5 sets) and the TFL and the ITB hardness were measured before and after RE. Participants were performed RE by 2 conditions(i.e. with and without vibration stimulation after RE). The results showed that with no vibration condition, hardness of the TFL significantly increased immediately, 15 min, 30 min, and 24 hours and the ITB significantly increased immediately, and 24 hours after RE compared with before RE, respectively. With vibration condition, vibration after RE, both of the TFL and the ITB hardness significantly increased only immediately after compared with before RE. On the other hand, TFL and ITB hardness significantly decreased 15 min, 30 min, and 24 hours compared with immediately after RE. In addition, with vibration condition, TFL and ITB hardness significantly decreased 15 min, 30 min, 24 hours compared with no vibration condition, respectively. This study indicated that the ITB hardness might be increased with excessive activity of TFL, and the vibration stimulation immediately after exercise is effective for decreasing the hardness.

Changes in the sagittal plane spinal alignment at the time of the cross-leg sitting position / 体力科学

<p>Cross-leg sitting is locus posture performed well in Asian area, and a lifestyle and culture are thought to affect it. It is usually essential to cross-leg sitting carried out in the case of Zen meditation to maintain cross-leg sitting locus in a relaxed state to perform locus posture in floor, and to perform it in hip joint flexion of bilateral feet, abduction, and lateral rotation position in the meditation for a long time. The spinal column of cross-leg sitting was intended that aligning it confirmed backbone in lumbar vertebrae being displaced than rest standing position in the kyphosis direction or raising a bearing surface whether aligning it changed into lordotic projection from the lumbar vertebrae kyphosis direction. The thoracic vertebra angle and the lumbar vertebrae angle measured it using SpinalMouse®. We decided to measure a thoracic vertebra angle, a lumbar vertebrae angle when we changed the height of the target rest standing position and the bearing surface of cross-leg sitting. The thoracic vertebra angle did not change by raising the bearing surface of cross-leg sitting, however the lumbar vertebrae angle changed. It showed a significant correlation between hip joint flexion, abduction, an external rotation angles and the change of the lumbar vertebrae angle. Results of this study suggested that lumbar, aligning it changed to lordosis in the high cross-leg sitting thing that we changed. The quantity that aligning it biases into lordosis of the lumbar part is related to the flexion of the hip joint, abduction, external rotation flexibility.</p>

Discriminant analysis for predictor of falls in stroke patients by using the Berg Balance Scale

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>An observational study was carried out to estimate the strength of the relationships among balance, mobility and falls in hemiplegic stroke inpatients. The objective was to examine factors that may aid in the prediction of the likelihood of falls in stroke patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 53 stroke patients (30 male, 23 female) aged 67.0 ± 11.1 years were interviewed regarding their fall history. Physical performance was assessed using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scale. Variables that differed between fallers and non-fallers were identified, and a discriminant function analysis was carried out to determine the combination of variables that effectively predicted fall status.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 53 stroke patients, 19 were fallers. Compared with the non-fallers, the fallers scored low on the FIM, and differed with respect to age, time from stroke onset, length of hospital stay, Brunnstrom recovery stage and admission BBS score. Discriminant analysis for predicting falls in stroke patients showed that admission BBS score was significantly related to the likelihood of falls. Moreover, discriminant analysis showed that the use of a significant BBS score to classify fallers and non-fallers had an accuracy of 81.1%. The discriminating criterion between the two groups was a score of 31 points on the BBS.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The results of this study suggest that BBS score is a strong predictor of falls in stroke patients. As balance is closely related to the risk of falls in hospitalised stroke patients, BBS might be useful in the prediction of falls.</p>

The electromyographic analysis during cutting of female basketball players / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to determine the muscle activity during cutting in female basketball player. Eight female basketball players participated in this study. Each subject was instructed to do two steps of approach run, and change direction to the right laterally. Cutting motion is divided two into a phase: knee joint <i>flexion phase</i> and <i>extension phase</i>. Bipolar surface EMG electrodes, spaced 30 mm apart and oriented parallel to the muscle fascicles were secured over the muscle bellies of the Vastus Medialis (VM), Vastus Lateralis (VL), Biceps Femoris (BF), and Semimembrasosus (SM) musculature. EMG recordings were employed to measure the ratio of activation between the medial-to-lateral Hamstring and Quadriceps, and Hamstring and Quadriceps. All the subject had 10-15 degrees knee angle during cutting. In <i>flexion phase</i>, Quadriceps acted more significantly than Hamstring (p<0.05). Moreover, VM activity acted larger than VL, and BF activity acted larger than SM in each phases (p<0.05) All the subject reveal a similar pattern: Quadriceps act largely in <i>flexion phase</i>, which may increase anterior tibial shear forces, strain on the anterior cruciate ligament. Moreover, medial muscle activity acted larger than lateral muscle in Quadriceps, and lateral muscle activity acted larger than medial muscle in Hamstring in each phase. All the subject had 10-15 degree knee angle during cutting, therefore, a variation in lateral and medial muscle may trigger knee valgus.

Influence of bending the trunk forward during drop landing on muscles around the knee joint / 体力科学

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether personal hamstring muscular activation increased by landing with the trunk bent forward. First, 14 healthy female university students were instructed to perform normal drop landing from a 40 cm-high box on both legs. Second, subjects were directed to perform drop landing with the trunk bent forward. Using images obtained from a high-speed video camera, the upper center of mass was calculated in the sagittal plane for determining the differences in these landings. For 0.1 second after toe contact, the muscular activation of quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles was analyzed using an electromyogram (EMG), and these findings were compared between the 2 types of landings. There was no significant difference in the activation of quadriceps femoris, but the activation tended to decrease during landing with the trunk bent forward. However, the activation of hamstring muscles increased significantly during landing with the trunk bent forward compared with that during normal landing. During landing with the trunk bent forward, the activation of hamstring muscles increased, and the activation of quadriceps femoris tended to decrease. Because contraction of hamstring muscles decreases tension in the anterior cruciate ligament, the findings of this study may help in the prevention of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury.

THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TRUNK MUSCULAR ACTIVATION BALANCE AT STANDING AND THOSE MUSCLE ACTIVATION DURING LEANING BACKWARD AND FORWARD AND ISOMETRIC STRENGTH / 体力科学

Purpose: Our aim was to investigate if such trunk muscular activation at standing could have an effect on their trunk muscular activation at leaning backward and forward and the strength of trunk isometric flexion and extension. Methods: The Electromyography (EMG) of lumbar paraspinals (LP) and rectus abdominis (RA) were recorded for 18 healthy volunteers at three positions (standing, leaning backward and leaning forward). In addition, the strength of maximum isometric of trunk flexion and extension were measured at sitting position. Then the flexion/extension (F/E) ratio was calculated. Results: 18 healthy volunteers were classified into Flexor group (n=5) and Extensor group (n=13). The RA-EMG of Extensor group was significantly larger than that of Flexor group at leaning backward position. Extensor group, also, had a higher strength of trunk isometric extension than that of Flexor group. Flexor group had a higher F/E ratio than that of Extensor group. Conclusion: A meaning of this study was to investigate that there were subjects who were higher paraspinals or rectus abdominis activation. Such difference was caused from muscular activation at working upper body and demonstrating of muscular strength, and this study may be helpful to develop study of physical therapy from now on.

COMPARISON OF TRUNK ACCELERATIONS AND KNEE FLEXION ANGLE DURING THREE TYPES OF LANDING BETWEEN BALLET DANCERS AND NON-DANCERS / 体力科学

<b>Purpose:</b> The purpose of this study was to determine whether the impact on the body during landing in dancers is less than in non-dancers by using accelerometers and motion analyzer.<b>Method:</b> Eleven ballet dancers and 11 non-dancers participated in this study. Each subject was instructed to perform 3 types of landing from a height of 30cm: <i>landing, silent landing</i> and <i>raise up landing.</i> Markers were put on the iliac crest, greater trochanter, knee joint, lateral malleolus. The peak vertical and horizontal accelerations of the lumbar, peak vertical acceleration of the greater trochanter and the peak flexion angles of the hip and knee joints were measured after the trials.<b>Result:</b> In the <i>raise up landing,</i> the peak vertical acceleration of the lumbar region in dancers was less than that in non-dancers (p < 0.01), and the peak knee-flexion angle in dancers was greater than that in non-dancers (p < 0.01). There were no differences between the peak hipflexion angles of dancers and non-dancers.<b>Conclusion:</b> The impact on the lumbar during <i>raise up landing</i> was less in dancers. In <i>raise up landing,</i> the trunk tends to be fixed when the dancer stands upright. Moreover, dancers attenuated the shock to the lumbar region by increasing the knee-flexion angle to a greater extent than the non-dancers did. This result may indicate the importance of the knee joint flexion in attenuating the shock during landing and show that dancers excel in using their knees flexibly.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UPPER AND LOWER LUMBAR SPINE LORDOSIS ON THE BASIS OF THE HIP EXTENSION RANGE / 体力科学

Decrease in the hip extension range of motion (HE-ROM) can cause lumbar hyperlordosis. Hyperlordosis is one of the mechanisms underlying low back pain. A diagnosis of low back pain from hyperlordosis can be used to detect the area in which hyperlordosis occurs more easily—the upper or lower lumbar spine. Twenty-one men were recruited for this study. HE-ROM was measured manually. Lumbar alignment was measured on a bed in a prone position. We extended the subject's hip by bending the bed at 4 angles (0°, 10°, 15°, 30°) and measured the spinal alignment by using a SpinalMouse. The results showed that lumbar lordosis increased at the bed angles of 15°and 30°. Only when the bed angle was changed from 0° to 30°, the increased angle of the lumbar spine was negatively correlated to the HE-ROM (r=-0.46, p<0.05), particularly that of the lower lumbar spine (r=-0.47, p<0.05). These findings suggested that lower lumbar lordosis tends to increase in individuals with poor HE-ROM. Additionally, increase in lower lumbar lordosis is attributed to the tendency to have low back pain in the lower lumbar spine.

INFLUENCE OF FOOT POSITION ON KNEE VALGUS DURING FEINTING IN TEAM HANDBALL / 体力科学

Purpose: To determine whether performing a feint in team handball with a wide foot stance leads to a greater knee valgus angle and/or knee valgus moment.Methods: Eight women handball players performed a feint with 4 different foot stances (free and 30%, 40%, and 50% of their body height). Three-dimensional kinematics and ground reaction forces were measured during the feints. Hip abduction angle at first contact, peak vertical ground reaction force, peak knee valgus angle, and peak external knee valgus moment during the first 20% of the feint cycle were compared among the stances at 30%, 40%, and 50% of body height (ANOVA, P<0.05). In the free feint, we investigated intrasubject correlations among foot stance and hip abduction angle at first contact, peak knee valgus angle, and peak external knee valgus moment were then conducted (<i>P</i><0.05).Results: When performing a feint with foot stances at 40% and 50% of body height, the subjects had significantly greater peak external knee valgus moment. Hip abduction angle at first contact was significantly correlated to peak knee valgus angle and peak external knee valgus moment.Conclusion: Training athletes to avoid wide foot stance and large hip abduction angle may reduce the risk of sustaining noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries.

EFFECT OF EXERCISE WITH AN ANKLE DESTABILIZATION DEVICE ON PERONEAL MUSCLES / 体力科学

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to make an ankle destabilization device and investigate the effect of exercise with this device on peroneal muscles.Methods: Seventeen healthy subjects were instructed to undergo step movement exercise with the lower extremity 150 times on the spot using the ankle destabilization device. Before and after stepping, the reaction time and mean frequency of the peroneus longus and the peroneus brevis muscles were compared. While stepping with the device, muscular activity of the peroneus longus and the peroneus brevis was compared under both stable and instable conditions.Result: The results showed that peroneal reaction time didn't change after stepping with the device; but the frequency of peroneal muscle activity increased after stepping. While stepping, muscular activity of the peroneal muscles increased in an instable condition.Conclusion: The results suggested that stepping exercise with the device could be beneficial for peroneal muscles.

PROPORTION OF JOINT ANGLES IN SHOULDER COMPLEX TO SHOULDER MAXIMUM EXTERNAL ROTATION ANGLE IN THROWING / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to identify the angles of the shoulder complex which consist of glenohumeral joint, scapulothracic joint, and thoracic joint at the maximum external rotation (MER) of the shoulder complex during throwing in baseball players, and to analyze the correlation of each angle.The subjects were 19 collegiate baseball players. Throwing motion data was collected by three high-speed cameras and the three-dimensional (3D) coordinates of the shoulder complex were established by direct leaner translation method for the MER calculation. A 3D analysis was performed to obtain the external rotation (ER) angle of the glenohumeral joint, the posterior tilt angle of the scapula, and the extension angles of thoracic at MER of shoulder complex. The mean (±SD) value of the MER was 145.5±10.3°. The mean (±SD) values of the glenohumeral ER, the scapula posterior tilt angle and the thoracic extension angle at MER were 105.3±16.0°, 24.3±15.0°, and 9.1±7.2°respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to relate the MER angle to each joint angle. The final linear regression model included the posterior tilting angle of scapula ( r=0.56, p＜0.05), and external rotation of the glenohumeral joint ( r=0.40, p＜0.05). Significant negative correlation was observed between the posterior tilting angle of the scapula and external rotation of the glenohumeral joint ( r=-0.52, p＜0.05). This finding suggested that scapula motion could be very important for the prevention of throwing injuries.

MUSCLE STRENGTH AND ELECTROMYOGRAPHY ANALYSIS OF THE NECK DURING CHIN-IN POSTURE / 体力科学

Injuries of the cervical spine occur in contact sports. Generally, muscle strengthening training of the neck is performed to prevent injuries of the cervical spine. Isometric resistance training with chin-in posture exercise is recommended for strengthening the neck. However, muscle strength and electromyography(EMG)date for chin-in posture have not been reported. The purpose of this study was to validate muscle strength and EMG testing during chin-in posture. Subjects were fifteen healthy men without pathological conditions in the neck. Muscle strength date and EMG measurements were taken for maximal voluntary isometric contraction(MVIC)flexion and extension actions during normal and chin-in posture. Subjects performed MVIC using a handheld dynamometer and surface EMG was recorded sternocleidomastoid, scalenus, upper trapezius, and splenius muscles. Results of chin-in posture showed a significant increase in muscle strength and EMG of all muscles. These results indicate the beneficial effect of chin-in posture which can increase muscle strength and prevent injuries of the neck.

COMPARISON OF THE MOTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LUMBAR, LUMBOSACRAL, AND HIP JOINTS BETWEEN TRUNK FLEXION-EXTENSION IN STANDING POSITION AND DURING UNDERWATER DOLPHIN KICK MOTION / 体力科学

Low-back pain is one of the most common injuries in competitive swimmers. Therefore, the prevention of low-back pain would contribute to improved performance of swimmers. A biomechanical analysis is necessary to prevent the sports-related injuries. However, only lumbar movement has been analyzed in swimmers with low-back pain. Lumbar spine movement is closely associated with the pelvis and hip joint. Thus, not only the lumbar joint but also the pelvis and hip joint should be analyzed to determine the cause of low-back pain.The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of the effect of underwater movement on the motion characteristics of the lumbar, lumbosacral, and hip joints with trunk flexion-extension in the standing position.Fourteen male competitive swimmers were recruited for this study. Trunk flexion-extension motion in the standing position and underwater dolphin kick motion were captured in the saggital plane on a digital video camera. A 2D motion analysis was performed to determine the lumbar, lumbosacral, and hip joint angles during these motions.The results demonstrated that the lumbar angle during the dolphin kick motion was associated with the angle in the standing position when the trunk was extended; and the lumbosacral angle during the same motion was associated with the angle in the standing position when the trunk was flexed.Additionally, the subjects who tilted their pelvis anteriorly while swimming exhibited a bit of pelvis motion during trunk movement in the standing position. Thus, the anterior tilting of the pelvis during swimming leads to low-back pain in swimmers.

THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS ANGULAR VELOCITIES ON KNEE KINESTHESIA / 体力科学

In this study, we investigated whether a difference in the angular velocity has an effect on proprioceptive sensibility in 30 healthy subjects. Knee detection of passive motion at five angular velocities (0.1°/s, 0.2°/s, 0.3°/s, 0.4°/s, and 0.5°/s) was carried out from a starting position of 15° knee flexion for extension using a proprioception testing device. At 0.1°/s, the elapsed time was longer than that of the other angular velocities and the angular displacement was bigger as well. There were no significant differences among the remaining angular velocities (0.2～0.5°/s). Therefore it is suggested that a healthy knee has less proprioception at an angular velocity of 0.1°/s.

FACTORS CORRELATED WITH SHOULDER MAXIMUM EXTERNAL ROTATION ANGLE DURING THROWING / 体力科学

The magnitude of mechanical stress at the shoulder and elbow appears to be directly correlated with the degree of maximum shoulder external rotation (MER) during throwing. Therefore, it is very important to prevent excessive MER to minimize the risk of throwing injuries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between MER during throwing and the kinematic parameters of throwing mechanics, shoulder muscle strength, and shoulder range of motion in high school baseball players. The subjects were 40 male high school baseball players with no elbow or shoulder joint problems. Three-dimensional analysis was performed to calculate the MER angle. Then, the shoulder and elbow angles at initial foot contact (IFC) were computed. ROM and muscle strength of shoulder joint were also measured in each subject. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to relate the MER angle to these factors. Significant correlations were observed between the MER angle and the external rotation (ER) angle (r=−0.51, p<0.001) at IFC, and the ER range of motion (r=0.84, p<0.01). The MER angle significantly correlated with shoulder internal rotation (IR) at IFC. This finding suggests that stress on the shoulder and elbow could be increased by the degree of shoulder IR angle at the moment of IFC. Further, excessive ER range of motion may also be a risk factor.

THE EFFECT OF DIRECT KICKING FORCE ON ANTERIOR TIBIAL TRANSLATION FROM SOCCER BALL IN HEALTHY KNEES / 体力科学

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the first restraint against anterior tibial translation (ATT) in the knee joint. Previous studies suggested that knee joint laxity might be increased by the repeated stress imposed on the knee joint. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effect of the repeated soccer ball kicking actions on the ATT in healthy knees. Forty female collegiate students volunteered for this study. KT-2000 knee arthrometer was used to measure ATT before and after the task. The findings demonstrated that the repeated kicking actions had no significant effect on the ATT in healthy knees. The maximum knee extension angle on the striking side was greater than the supporting side (p<0.05). Significant correlations between mean anterior translation and maximum knee extension angle were observed on both sides (p<0.05). The kicking force on a soccer ball resulted in no increase in the knee laxity.

KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF AN ANKLE INVERSION SPRAIN − A NEW EVALUATION TECHNIQUE − / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to measure and analyze peroneus longus reaction time (PRT) as well as ankle movement during ankle sprain simulation. PRT was measured for six control ankles and six unstable ankles with an inversion ankle sprain (1 male and 5 females per group, respectively) using an ankle inverting platform and high speed camera. The unstable group showed a significantly slower PRT (58.8±8.7 ms) than the control group (46.5±8.1 ms). The inversion angular velocity was significantly faster in the unstable group (152.8±62.6 d/s) than the control group (83.2±38.4 d/s). There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding ankle eversion time. Our results indicate that it is important to lead an unstable ankle to reduce inversion angular velocity to prevent recurrent inversion ankle sprain.